Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence
Crawford's contention is that the two words in the name are both misleading. These systems are not artificial — they are built from minerals, water, electricity, logistics networks and an enormous quantity of underpaid human labour — and they are not intelligent in any sense that survives contact with what they actually do. What they are, she argues, is a registry of power: a technology that arrives already carrying the interests, categories and blind spots of the institutions that construct it.