Machines of Loving Grace: The Quest for Common Ground Between Humans and Robots
Markoff argues that since the 1950s, two distinct camps of engineers and philosophers have been racing to build the future. On one side is the AI camp, led by figures like John McCarthy, who sought to create autonomous machines that could mimic or replace human cognitive functions. On the other is the IA camp, pioneered by Douglas Engelbart (the inventor of the computer mouse), who viewed the computer not as a replacement for the mind, but as a tool to expand human capability.